If you’ve been convinced of the benefits of introducing porcelain paving slabs into your garden space, and you’re a DIY aficionado who is opting to install them yourself instead of hiring a professional, then you’ve come to the right place!
In this handy guide, we’ll take you through the process of laying outdoor tiles on different substrates, and we’ll answer your FAQs about cutting, fixing and caring for your porcelain paving slabs…
Jump to:
1) Fixing onto Soil
2) Solid Bed Fixing
3) Pedestal Installation
4) Fixing onto Lawns
5) Fixing onto Gravel
6) How to Cut Porcelain Paving Slabs
7) Caring for Porcelain Paving Slabs
8) FAQs
1) Fixing onto Soil
If you’re fixing onto soil, the Norcros Rock-Tite External Porcelain system is a one-stop solution for creating a sturdy base and fixing your porcelain paving slabs in place without the need for constructing a concrete base. Where newly built concrete bases can take weeks to cure sufficiently to tile, you can fast-track your way to a solid base and a fully tiled patio in just a couple of days:
Method:
1. Dig out the area to be tiled making sure it is stable and to an approximate depth of 200mm.
2. Compact Type 1 or MOT grade hard core to 100-150mm depth making sure it is well compacted, rigid and stable.
3. Apply Rock Tite Porcelain Primer to the back of the tiles. Brush or roller are the best methods of application.
4. Set out the area to be tiled using a horizontal level line and a second sloped line to create a fall.
5. The Tiles should fall away from any property at a ratio of 25mm over a 1.5m length.
6. Whilst still wet, lay the primed tiles into a solid bed of Rock Tite Mortar approximately 25-80mm thick, with a 3-25mm grout joint as required.
7. After 24 hours of setting time, wet the surface of the tiles and keep them damp throughout the grouting process.
8. Brush the Rock-Tite Grout into the joints at 45° using a long-handled brush. Keep applying until the joints are filled and void-free. Do not allow the surface to dry out.
9. Compact the joints and finish them with a jointing tool. If voids appear, refill and re-finish. Brush off any excess grout.
Get it here: Norcros Rock-Tite External Porcelain system, from £13.95
2) Solid Bed Fixing
Applying the tiles with tile adhesive onto a solid substrate is a commonly used fixing method. Use of 20mm porcelain is preferable to regular tiles for areas that require additional strength to withstand heavy loads. With solid bed fixing, they can be installed in car showrooms, garages, driveways and forklift operating areas.
In addition to such special areas, the product is also suitable for solid be fixing onto balconies, terraces, pool surrounds, sports halls and spas, due to the ease of cleaning and low water absorption. When installing tiles externally, they can only be applied to a solid substrate such as concrete or a sand/ cement screed.
Method:
1. Ensure the area you are tiling is perfectly flat and has the correct fall to allow water drainage. If the floor has any undulations, a suitable external grade smoothing compound can be used.
2. Depending on the size of the area expansion joints may be required. We’d recommend the floor is divided into bays no larger than 36sqm with no expanse being longer than 6m in length, separated with a suitable movement strip.
3. Using a suitable trowel, spread the adhesive (Mapei Keraquick S1 Grey Adhesive) on both the floor and the back of the tile.
4. Press the tile into the adhesive bed and twist to ensure the ribs of adhesive collapse to give you 100% coverage of adhesive between the substrate and the tile. If in doubt, lift a tile and check before continuing.
5. Adjust the tile to give you a minimum grout joint of 3mm. Larger can be used if required.
6. Grout with a suitable flexible grout (Mapei Ultracolour Plus Grout)
3) Pedestal Installation
Tiles can be installed as an elevated surface in both interior and exterior applications. The 20mm thickness offers very good rigidity and weight loading capabilities were solid bed fixing may not be possible. The advantages of laying onto pedestals is that the tiles can be easily removed if under-floor access is required. For balconies, terraces and other external applications, they provide superior drainage properties when laid on an inclination, due to the open joint, allowing water to flow freely from the tiled surface.
Fixed height pedestals can be used on perfectly even floors and normally come with an adjustment shim to cater for very minor undulations. However floor levelling is recommended to ensure flatness in the installation and ease of laying. For areas where drainage slopes need to be incorporated or where floor level is an issue, fully adjustable pedestals are available in various different height ranges.
Method:
1. If required, ensure the substrate has an adequate water proofing membrane (not required or interior use)
2. Plan the floor and tile layout. Using a straight edge or spirit level, check the substrate for any undulations to determine whether the fixed height or adjustable pedestals are required. This will require loose laying the tiles or measuring out the positioning of the pedestals.
3. Position the first 4 pedestals at 600mm centres and insert the first tiles into the spacer lugs of the pedestal. Lay another 2 pedestals and insert a second tile.
4. Using a spirit level check the level between the two tiles, then make any adjustments to the pedestal height as required.
5. If laying externally, a water test can be done to ascertain whether adequate water run-off has been achieved.
6. Continue to lay the tiles with this method until the floor is complete. Check the final levels to see if last-minute adjustments are required.
4) Fixing Porcelain Paving Slabs onto Lawns
The tiles can be dry laid into lawns to add a decorative feature of a path in a stepping stone formation. With this method of installation, they are not only suitable for domestic gardens, but also for larger and private parks and leisure areas. Each tile can be installed easily as a DIY project without the need to pay out for professional installers. They are easy to remove and reposition if required and being porcelain, are extremely resistant to moss, algae and chemicals such as pesticides, as well as adverse weather conditions.
The rigidity of the tiles also makes them able to bear the weight of garden furniture or planters, giving them the ability to integrate into your garden as decorative and practical design feature.
Method:
1. Loose lay the tiles on the lawn to decide the final layout. A gap of 50mm is recommended between each tile.
2. Mark the edges of the tile with a spade, remove the tile and dig out the turf to approximately 50 to 60mm in depth.
3. Cover the soil with at least 30mm of 2-6mm gravel or chippings and compress down until sturdy
4. Position the tile so that it is level with the turf. Remove the tile and adjust the gravel depth as required. Hammer the tile into position with a rubber mallet until the required level is achieved.
5) Laying Porcelain Paving Slabs onto Gravel
Dry laying onto gravel adds a modern look to a practical and versatile external floor. This method of fixing can be used to produce eye-catching paths, patios and courtyards. As with previous dry laying methods, this also offers easy removal and repositioning if required. They are laid without grout or adhesive so offer an exceptional drainage solution with water run-off through the open joints and eliminate the need for expansion strips in large areas. Although the tiles can be cut to size to fill an area, a perimeter gap can be left to create a decorative border.
Method:
1. Dig the current floor to a depth of 150-200mm into the soil. Where a retaining wall is no present, a kerb can be inserted around the perimeter instead, to contain the gravel.
2. Level the soil as required and insert a layer of geotextile fabric (weed control sheeting)
3. Add a layer of 40mm crushed concrete or gravel and compact it down so that it has a 2% inclination to allow efficient drainage for the tiles.
4. Add a further layer of geotextile over the top and lay a 50-100mm of smaller 2-6mm gravel or chippings.
5. Flatten the chippings using a straight edge to ensure it is even and that the 2% inclination remains.
6. Lay the tiles individually, hammering them into place with a white rubber mallet, leaving an open joint of 5mm minimum between each tile. Lay a spirit level or straight edge over multiple tiles to ensure they are even. They can also be laid as stepping stone with much wider gaps if desired.
7. Once complete, if a gap has been left around the perimeter, decorative gravel can be inlaid around the tiles as a border.
6) How to Cut Porcelain Paving Slabs
Need to cut your slabs to size? 20mm Porcelain tiles are best cut using a heavy duty wet-cutter, like the Rubi ND200 upwards. Due to the depth, even with water cooling, some very slight chipping can occur when using some blades, however, scoring the tile with a manual tile cutter, can act as a stop, so that when running the tile through the wet cutter up to the score line, the score line will act as a break to minimise glaze splintering.
Tip 1. – On a flat-bed wet-cutter, it is important that you allow the cutter to do the work. Feed the tile through gently and don’t force it through as this will put strain on the motor.
Tip 2. – On a bridge saw, cut the tile in 3-4 passes. Cutting down approximately 5-6mm at a time. The less material being cut away in a single pass, the less stain the motor will be subjected to, and the less chance of the blade overheating and chipping the tile.
7) How to Care for Porcelain Paving Slabs and Grout
Being anti-slip, the grout can be difficult to remove in the initial cleaning off process. Before grouting, coat the tiles with the LTP porcelain protector, as this will aid wiping the excess grout off easier, and protect against leaf and foliage staining. For general maintenance, the LTP Grimex is the best all-round cleaner for both the tile and grout. If after the winter months there is a build up of moss (the green haze), this can be removed with a one off treatment of the LTP Black Spot and Algae remover, or alternatively any normal patio cleaner. A jet wash will also work on the tiles that are loose laid or on pedestals.
8) FAQS
Still have some burning questions about porcelain paving slabs? Below, we answer all the most common question we get about fixing, finishing and caring for them…
Can I lay on an existing patio, if so what should I look out for?
Laying on an existing slabbed or tiled surface is generally not recommended. With existing tiles, you are relying on them being completely solid and of the correct fall, which is not always the case. However if the existing tiles are sound and the correct falls are in place for drainage, and adhesive such as Adesilex P4 could be used once the surface has been thoroughly cleaned.
How do you finish off edges and steps?
There are two ways to finish. First method is to use a 22.5mm deep trim or step nosing, and the second is to mitre the edges. If doing a step with a ruser, the trim and riser can be held into place, using Edge Side Clips.
How thick should the level of adhesive be, and which trowel should I use?
The mortar is built to a depth anywhere between 25-80mm, directly over the hardcore. No serrated trowel is necessary compared to standard tiling, however although not stated in the Rock-Tite instructions, small lines scored in the surface of the mortar will allow for easier dispersion of any trapped air beneath the tile. Once the tile is in position, knocking the tile with a rubber mallet if required will further push air out and increase the suction between the tile and the mortar.
